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Arweave Miner

Unixhash is the earliest company engaged in the research and development of Arweave mining rigs. At present, we have two clusters of Arweave Miner U5000 55k & Arweave Miner U5100 80K. All keep the latest technology.
Arweave is based on Blockweave, a derivative of blockchain, and provides permanent storage as a solution to the cloud storage challenge.

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Default electricity cost is $0.06/KWh, and the electricity cost can be set to /KWh

Model	Power	Hashrate	Price	ROI	Profitability
Arweave Miner U5000 (55Kh) U5000 (55Kh)
Arweave Miner U5100 (80Kh) U5100 (80Kh)

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Arweave Mining Equipment-The Ultimate FAQ Guide Explaining Everything Related to Arweave Arweave Consensus Protocol: PoA Is Arweave Mining and Investment Worth it? Arweave Mining Equipment

Arweave Mining Equipment-The Ultimate FAQ Guide

Cryptocurrencies are experiencing a booming growth and that can be credited, at least partly, to the introduction of decentralized networks that have provided a solution to the storage problem. The challenge provided by the cloud storage market further entices the market and results in a huge growth of the industry. Cryptocurrencies like Filcoin and Sia saw the challenge of space and storage created by the cloud storage market and solved it by providing contract-based storage solutions.

Arweave, on the other hand, targeted the same problem and came up with a different solution using permissionless crypto-economic incentives. Arweave is based on Blockweave, a derivative of blockchain, and provides permanent storage as a solution to the cloud storage challenge. Arweave is the first of its kind, and Arweave miners mine new blocks on the network in exchange for AR tokens, hence, allowing storage of data on the permaweb, permanently.

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Explaining Everything Related to Arweave

Arweave is the first blockweave coin in the world, that allows the permanent storage of data such as transactions, contracts, web pages, videos, pictures, and so on. The word blockweave is going to be used quite frequently with arweave as this altcoin uses this derivative of blockchain. In the blockchain, a block refers to different data about a transaction or so that has been grouped together. A block appears every 2 minutes, approximately.

Blockchain and Blockweave: What is the Difference?
The difference between blockchain and blockweave is that with blockchain, each block is a group of data and a new block cannot be introduced till all previous blocks have been validated and verified to be accurate. Blockweave however, allows the introduction of a new block when arweave miner randomly validates one of the old blocks. The entire history or all the prior blocks do not need to be validated and verified by the arweave miner.

Another difference between blockchain and blockweave is that in blockchain, a new block is linked to the next and the previous block in a chain whereas, in blockweave, a new block is connected to the next or coming block and two previous blocks. Amongst the two blocks, one block is the one before the newly mined block, and the second one is one of the previous blocks from the blockweave history, known as recall block. The recall block is of especial importance in discussions of the consensus model of Arweave.

Costs and Payments of Arweave
The Arweave peer-to-peer protocol matches users with available space to those looking for storage. The data on the network or ARdrive is permanent meaning that users can permanently store their data on this decentralized network. Arweave only requires one small payment upfront, which acts as an incentive for the AR miners to continuously replicate the stored data.

The fee is payable in AR, the altcoin of the Arweave network and along with this fee, there is a network fee that needs to be paid as well. However, network fees are in the form of endowments, which are basically a future security fee. This endowment or network fee is taken from the initial fee paid, as it ensures payment for future replications of the stored data. Overall, the payment is made as a one-time payment although a part of it is sent as an endowment for a future security fee.

Arweave: A decentralized storage network
The main aim of Arweave was to offer a decentralized solution to the specific problem of data impermanence on the internet. Internet is known to have all the information there was to ever exist but that is far from the truth of the internet. All information on the internet such as web pages, videos, and pictures, along with everything else can be targeted with malicious intent for manipulation, or it can be censored or it can just simply be lost. This data can also be taken down as there is no permanence with the internet, and Arweave has created a decentralized storage network for the preservation of all data, on the permaweb.

Permaweb is another word that is commonly used when discussing Arweave and it is quite literally a parallel of the traditional internet or web, however, as the name implies, the data on this network is permanent and timeless. Simply put, all the web pages and pictures, and videos stored by Arweave are collectively known as the permaweb. A common finding on the permaweb is dApps or decentralized applications. All of the data on permaweb, much like the traditional web, is accessible to users through internet browsers. The data storage depends on free space provided by miners and then, replication of stored data, also by the miners, who are incentivized to do so by AR coins.

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Arweave Consensus Protocol: PoA

Arweave consensus protocol is as unique as everything else about this altcoin. The consensus protocol or model performs the function of maintaining consistency across the blockchain by ensuring the security of the blockchain, or blockweave, for Arweave. The consensus protocol for Bitcoin is proof of proof of work or PoW, which means that miners trying to mine Bitcoin have to break down complex, cryptographic mathematical hashes to mine bitcoin. For filecoin, the consensus protocol is also PoW, however, based entirely on storage. For Arweave, the consensus protocol is known as Proof-of-Access or PoA.

The main job of an Arweave miner is to provide storage space to those who require it and then replicate stored data to ensure permanence on the decentralized network. For this, miners are rewarded AR tokens. For miners to be able to introduce a new block to the blockweave, they should be able to verify that they can access the recall block, which is explained above. This verification is referred to as the consensus protocol, point of access and the point of it is to increase or promote data permanence on the network.

Miners cannot mine new blocks and receive AR tokens unless they access random old blocks in the blockweave history. Moreover, miners are also forced to store blocks that haven’t been replicated much because these rare recall blocks when selected, mean that there are fewer miners that are competing for the same reward.

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Furthermore, miners have a content policy that strictly prohibits certain data from being stored by the miner, as they cannot store the entire data on the network. During data distribution, data will not be added to the miner’s transaction pool if it happens to be on the particular miner’s prohibited list.

Is Arweave Mining and Investment Worth it?

Before making the decision to mine Arweave, and invest in this decentralized storage network, you need to perform a cost to benefit analysis, as there is quite a bit of capital required for the Arweave mining equipment. The Arweave mining rig can be costly and you need to determine if you have the time and the resources required to make it happen, to the point of earning rewards and a decent profit. If the profit and the cost are equal or if the latter is higher than the former, then maybe Arweave mining may not be the best choice for you. You can still be a part of Arweave as it takes over the industry by purchasing or trading AR tokens.

Arweave Mining Equipment

There is no clear Arweave mining rig component list on the Arweave website, and that makes it harder to determine exactly what equipment is required. Mentioned below is the basic list of mining equipment that you need to acquire before beginning the process:

A strong CPU such as Ryzen or i7
6+ TB NVME, (e.g. RAID 0 of 3x2TB or RAID 0 of 2x4TB, etc). The more NVME you have, the more Weave you can store. As earnings on Arweave are directly related to the amount of the Weave you store, it is best to get more NVME.
A system with 8 GB is sufficient for Arweave mining as the network doesn’t require much memory.
Similar to memory, once you have downloaded the Weave, network bandwidth can be reduced too as it no longer requires a lot of it.

NVMEs can be substituted with SATA iii, however, it is important to keep in mind that using SATA iii will bottleneck the process and their use is not as cost-efficient either. Sata iii SSDs max out at about 1TB per drive in use. It is better to get 4 4TB NVMes than it is to get 16 1TB SATA SSDs using the 100k IOPS per TB formula given that most SATA SSDs top out at around 95k IOPS.

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It is also highly recommended that you join a mining pool, which is a pool of resources that are shared by multiple miners over a network. There is quite a bit of information with regard to mining pools and Arweave on the Discord and Reddit social media apps. Although some of these mining pools are invite-only, they are definitely worth checking out, as they provide clarification and ease to the mining process, especially for first timers. Some of the popular pools are Kronenberg, Vird, and Hpool.

Mining Guide

Want to start mining on Arweave? You’ve come to the right place! Get set up with this quick and easy guide, and join our awesome network of ever-growing miners.

For any questions and support queries regarding mining on Arweave, we strongly recommend that you join our Discord server as this is the hub of our mining and developer communities. Here you will find plenty of community members and Arweave team members available to help you out

Arweave core developers have been made aware that at least one mining node inside the Chinese mainland has been seized by the government. Node operators should understand that the Arweave network stores and serves a significant amount of material related to the activities of the Chinese government. The Arweave protocol does not require that any miner to store data that they deem inappropriate. You can read more about our content policies here.

Install the Miner

Download the .tar.gz archive for your OS from the releases page. Extract the contents of the archive. It’s recommended to unpack it inside a dedicated directory. You can always move this directory around, but the miner may not work if you move only some of the files. The weave data would, by default, be stored in this directory as well, but we recommend to override it using the data_dir command-line argument. If your OS/platform architecture is not in the list, check the source code repository README for how to build the miner from source.

It is also possible to set-up an Arweave mining environment on Windows using the ‘Windows Subsystem for Linux’ or a virtual machine environment.

Preparation: File Descriptors Limit

The number of available file descriptors affects the rate at which your node can process data. As the default limit assigned to user processes on most operating systems is usually low, we recommend increasing it.
You can check the current limit by executing ulimit -n.
On Linux, to set a bigger global limit, open /etc/sysctl.conf and add the following line:

fs.file-max=100000000

Execute sysctl -p to make the changes take effect.

You may also need to set a proper limit for the particular user. To set a user-level limit, open /etc/security/limits.conf and add the following line:

<your OS user> soft nofile 10000000

Open a new terminal session. To make sure the changes took effect, and the limit was increased, type ulimit -n. You can also change the limit for the current session via ulimit -n 10000000
If the above does not work, set

DefaultLimitNOFILE=10000000

in both /etc/systemd/user.confand /etc/systemd/system.conf

Running the Miner

Now you’re ready to start the mining process by using the following command from the Arweave directory:

./bin/start mine mining_addr YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS peer 188.166.200.45 peer 188.166.192.169 peer 163.47.11.64 peer 139.59.51.59 peer 138.197.232.192

Please replace YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS with the address of the wallet you would like to credit when you find a block!

If you would like to see a log of your miner’s activity, you can run ./bin/logs -f in the Arweave directory in a different terminal.
The mining console should eventually look like this:

[Stage 1/3] Starting to hash
Miner spora rate: 1545 h/s, recall bytes computed/s: 3129, MiB/s read: 386, the round lasted 145 seconds.
[Stage 1/3] Starting to hash
Skipping hashrate report, the round lasted less than 10 seconds.
[Stage 1/3] Starting to hash
Miner spora rate: 1545 h/s, recall bytes computed/s: 3182, MiB/s read: 386, the round lasted 135 seconds.
[Stage 1/3] Starting to hash
Miner spora rate: 1637 h/s, recall bytes computed/s: 3292, MiB/s read: 409, the round lasted 245 seconds.
[Stage 1/3] Starting to hash

When you mine a block, the console shows:

[Stage 2/3] Produced candidate block … and dispatched to network.

Approximately 20 minutes later, you should see

[Stage 3/3] Your block … was accepted by the network

Note that occasionally your block won’t be confirmed (the chain chooses a different fork).

To stop the miner, run ./bin/stop or kill the OS process (kill -sigterm <pid> or pkill <name>). Sending a SIGKILL (kill -9) is not recommended.

Tuning the Miner

Optimizing Miners SPoRA Rate

The three crucial factors determining your miner’s efficiency are disk throughput (GiB/s), the amount of synchronized data, and processor power. We recommend that you have 32 GiB of RAM, while the minimum requirement is 8 GiB.

The node reports its hashrate in the console – Miner spora rate: 1546 h/sand logs –miner_sporas_per_second. Note that it is 0 when you start the miner without data and slowly increases as more data is synchronized. After the number stabilizes, you can input it into the mining calculator generously created by the community member @tiamat here to see the expected return.

To estimate the hashrate in advance, you would need to know or measure your CPU’s performance, the disk throughput, and the amount of disk space you will allocate for mining.

To benchmark CPU, you can run the packaged randomx-benchmark script./bin/randomx-benchmark –mine –init 32 –threads 32 –jit –largePages. Replace 32 with the number of CPU threads. Note that reducing the number of threads might improve the outcome. Do not specify –largePages if you have not configured them yet. For the reference, a 32-threads AMD Ryzen 3950x can do about 10000 h/s, a 32-threads AMD EPYC 7502P – 24000 h/s, a 12-threads Intel Xeon E-2276G CPU – 2500 h/s, a 2-threads Intel Xeon CPU E5-2650 machine in the cloud – 600 h/s.

If you do not know the throughput of your disk, run hdparm -t /dev/sda. Replace /dev/sda with the disk name from df -h. To be competitive, consider a fast NVMe SSD capable of several GiB per second and more.

Finally, to see the upper hashrate limit of a setup, run ./bin/hashrate-upper-limit 2500 1 3 where 2500 is a RandomX hashrate, 1 is the number of GiB a disk reads per second, 3 is 1/replicated share of the weave. For example, a 12-core Intel Xeon with a 1 GiB/s SSD with a third of the weave is capped at 540 h/s. In practice, the performance is usually about 0.7 – 0.9 of the upper limit.

Changing the mining configuration

We made our best effort to choose reasonable defaults; however, changing some of the following parameters may improve the efficiency of your miner: stage_one_hashing_threads (between 1 and the number of CPU threads), stage_two_hashing_threads , io_threads, randomx_bulk_hashing_iterations. For example,

./bin/start stage_one_hashing_threads 32 stage_two_hashing_threads 32 io_threads 50 randomx_bulk_hashing_iterations 64 data_dir /your/dir mine sync_jobs 80 mining_addr YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS peer 188.166.200.45 peer 188.166.192.169 peer 163.47.11.64 peer 139.59.51.59 peer 138.197.232.192

recall bytes computed/s should be roughly equal to Miner spora rate divided by your share of the weave. If it is not, consider increasing io_threads and decreasingstage_one_hashing_threads. You can learn the share of the weave the node has synced to date by dividing the size of the chunk_storage folder (du -sh /path/to/data/dir/chunk_storage) by the total weave size. Increasing randomx_bulk_hashing_iterations to 128 or bigger might make a big difference on the powerful machine.

Syncing the weave

The Arweave miner does not mine without data. For every new block, in order to mine it, numerous random chunks of the past data need to be read and checked. It takes time to download data from the peers, so do not expect mining to be very intensive after the first launch. For example, if you have 10% of the total weave size, you are mining at 10% efficiency of a similar setup with the entire dataset. Note that it is not required to download the complete dataset. If you only have 1 TiB of space for the chunk_storage and rocksdb folders, the node will fill it up, and your miner may nevertheless be competitive, assuming the disk and the processor are sufficiently performant.

To speed up bootstrapping, use a higher (default is 20) value for the sync_jobs configuration parameter like this:

./bin/start mine sync_jobs 80 mining_addr YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS peer 188.166.200.45 peer 188.166.192.169 peer 163.47.11.64 peer 139.59.51.59 peer 138.197.232.192

You can set the sync_jobs back to 2 after historical data is synced. Turn the miner off (do not set the mine flag) to further speed up syncing.

Configuring large memory pages

To get an additional performance boost, consider configuring huge memory pages in your OS.

On Ubuntu, to see the current values, execute:cat /proc/meminfo | grep HugePages. To set a value, run sudo sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=1000. To make the configuration survive reboots, create /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf and put vm.nr_hugepages=1000 there.

The output of cat /proc/meminfo | grep HugePages should then look like this: AnonHugePages: 0 kB ShmemHugePages: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 1000 HugePages_Free: 1000 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0

If it does not or if there is a “erl_drv_rwlock_destroy” error on startup, reboot the machine.

Finally, tell the miner it can use large pages by specifying enable randomx_large_pageson startup:

./bin/start mine enable randomx_large_pages mining_addr YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS peer 188.166.200.45 peer 188.166.192.169 peer 163.47.11.64 peer 139.59.51.59 peer 138.197.232.192

Using Multiple Disks

The simplest approach is to store everything one a single disk. Skip this section if you are fine with that. However, you may store metadata that is not used in mining on a cheaper and slower medium, e.g., an HDD disk.

Mount the fast devices to the chunk_storage and rocksdb folders:

sudo mount /dev/nvme1n1 /your/dir/chunk_storage
sudo mount /dev/nvme1n2 /your/dir/rocksdb
sudo mount /dev/hdd1 /your/dir

The output of df -h should look like:
/dev/hdd1 5720650792 344328088 5087947920 7% /your/dir /dev/nvme1n1
104857600 2097152 102760448 2% /your/dir/chunk_storage /dev/nvme1n2
104857600 2097152 102760448 2% /your/dir/rocksdb
Replace /dev/nvme1n1, /dev/nvme1n2, /dev/hdd1 with the filesystems you have, replace /your/dir with the directory you specify on startup:

./bin/start data_dir /your/dir mine sync_jobs 80 mining_addr YOUR-MINING-ADDRESS peer 188.166.200.45 peer 188.166.192.169 peer 163.47.11.64 peer 139.59.51.59 peer 138.197.232.192

Troubleshooting

Make sure your node is accessible on the Internet

An important part of the mining process is discovering blocks mined by other miners. Your node needs to be accessible from anywhere on the Internet so that your peers can connect with you and share their blocks.

To check if your node is publicly accessible, browse to http://[Your Internet IP]:1984. You can obtain your public IP here, or by running curl ifconfig.me/ip. If you specified a different port when starting the miner, replace “1984” anywhere in these instructions with your port. If you can not access the node, you need to set up TCP port forwarding for incoming HTTP requests to your Internet IP address on port 1984 to the selected port on your mining machine. For more details on how to set up port forwarding, consult your ISP or cloud provider.

If the node is not accessible on the Internet, the miner functions but is significantly less efficient.

Copying data to another machine

If you want to bootstrap another miner on a different machine, you can copy the downloaded data over from the first miner to bring it up to speed faster. Please follow these steps:

1.
Stop the first Arweave miner, and ensure the second miner is also not running.
2.
Copy the entire data_dir folder to the new machine. Note that the chunk_storage folder contains sparse files, so copying them the usual way will take a lot of time and the size of the destination folder will be too large. To copy this folder, use rsync with the -aS flags or archive it via tar -Scf before copying.
3.
Start both miners.

Run a miner on Windows

We do not recommend using Windows for mining because according to our experience it is less efficient and reliable. Nevertheless, mining on Windows is possible.

You can run an Arweave miner inside Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). Note that the default TCP configuration WSL relies on is more restrictive than a typical Linux configuration. The WSL configuration offers about half as many TCP ports for making TCP connections and twice as long socket re-use timeout, what significantly reduces the number of simultaneous requests per second the miner can make to other nodes.

As a result, you may see the following errors in the miner console:

=ERROR REPORT====…=== Socket connection error: exit badarg, [{gen_tcp,connect,4, [{file,”gen_tcp.erl”},{line,149}]}

Windows Event Log is expected to have the following warning:

TCP/IP failed to establish an outgoing connection because the selected local endpoint was recently used to connect to the same remote endpoint. This error typically occurs when outgoing connections are opened and closed at a high rate, causing all available local ports to be used and forcing TCP/IP to reuse a local port for an outgoing connection. To minimize the risk of data corruption, the TCP/IP standard requires a minimum time period to elapse between successive connections from a given local endpoint to a given remote endpoint.